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Pressure Sensor Working Principle

The pressure sensor is most commonly used in industrial practice a sensor, which is widely used in various industrial automation environment, involving water utilities, rail transportation, intelligent buildings, production automation, aerospace, military, petrochemical, oil, electric power, shipbuilding, machine tools , pipes and many other industries, the following brief introduction to some of the commonly used sensor principle and its application.

1. Strain gauge pressure sensor Principles and Applications
A wide variety of mechanical sensors, such as resistance strain gauge pressure sensor, semiconductor strain gauge pressure sensors, piezoresistive pressure sensor, inductive pressure sensor, a capacitive pressure sensor, resonant pressure sensor and capacitive accelerometer sensor. However, the most widely used is a piezoresistive pressure sensor, it has a very low price and high accuracy and good linearity characteristics. Here we introduce the type of sensor.

In understanding the piezoresistive force sensor, we are the first to recognize this element of resistance strain gauge. Resistance strain gauge is a sensitive device on the DUT strain change is converted into an electrical signal. It is the main components of piezoresistive strain sensors. Resistance strain gauge is the most widely used metal resistance strain gauges and semiconductor strain gauges two. Metal resistance strain gauge there are two kinds of the filamentous strain gauge and metal foil strain gauge. Usually strain gages through special binder closely adhered to the the generated mechanical strain on the substrate, the resistance strain gauge with deformation stress change occurs when the substrate is subject to change, so that the resistance of the strain gage, thereby the voltage across the resistor changes. The change in resistance of the strain gauge force is usually small, general strain gauge composed of strain bridge, and follow-up instrumentation amplifier to amplify, and then transmitted to the processing circuit (usually A / D conversion and the CPU) or actuator.

The internal structure of the metal resistance strain gauge
It is part of the matrix materials, metal wire strain or strain foil, insulating protection sheet and terminations. In accordance with the type of use, the resistance of the resistance strain gauge can be designed by the designer, but the range of the resistance should be noted that: the resistance is too small, the required drive current is too large, while the strain gages of excessive heat causing the temperature of itself different environments, too much strain gauge resistance change, output zero drift, nulling circuit too complex. The resistance is too large, the impedance is too high, poor ability of anti-electromagnetic interference from outside. Generally are tens of ohms to several kilohms.

The working principle of the resistance strain gauge
The working principle of the metal resistance strain gauge adsorption strain resistance in the base material with mechanical deformation resistance change phenomenon, commonly known as resistance strain effect. The metal conductor resistance value can be represented by the formula:
R = ρ * L / S

Wherein: ρ - metallic conductor resistivity (Ω · cm2 / m)
S - cross-sectional area of ​​the conductor (cm2)
L - the length of the conductor (m)

Strain resistance of the wire, for example, when the metal wire by external force, its length and cross-sectional area will be changed, can be easily seen from the above formula, the resistance value is changed, if the metal wire by external force and elongation, and its length increases, while the cross-sectional area is reduced, the resistance value will increase. Compressed by external force when the wire length is reduced and increased cross-section, the resistance value is reduced. As long as the change in resistance is measured (usually to measure the voltage across the resistor), get the the strain wire strain situation

2. Ceramic pressure sensor principle and application
The corrosion-resistant ceramic pressure sensor is not the transmission fluid pressure acts directly on the front surface of the ceramic diaphragm, the diaphragm to produce slight deformation of the thick-film resistor printed on the back surface of the ceramic diaphragm plate, connected into a Wheatstone bridge (closed bridge), so that the bridge due to the piezoresistive effect of the pressure-sensitive resistor to generate a highly linear and proportional to the pressure, is also proportional to the excitation voltage of the voltage signal, the standard signal according to the type of calibration of the pressure range of 2.0 / 3.0 / 3.3 mV / V, and the strain gauge sensor compatible. By laser calibration, the sensor has a very high temperature stability and time stability, the sensor comes with temperature compensation from 0 to 70 ° C, and the vast majority of media and direct contact.

Ceramic is a recognized high flexibility, corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance, shock and vibration material. The thermal stability characteristics of the ceramic and thick film resistor can make up to -40 ° C ~ 135 ° C operating temperature range, and having a measurement accuracy, high stability. Electrical Insulation extent> 2kV, the output signal is strong, long-term stability. High characteristics, low-cost ceramic sensor will be the development direction of the pressure sensor, comprehensive alternative to other types of sensors in Europe and the United States, in China, more and more users use ceramic sensor instead of diffused silicon pressure sensor.

3. Diffusion silicon pressure sensor principle and application
Working principle
Measured medium pressure acts directly on the sensor diaphragm (stainless steel or ceramic), the diaphragm will produce medium pressure proportional to the micro-displacement sensor resistance value changes, and electronic circuits detect this change and The converted output is a standard measurement signal corresponding to this pressure.

4. Sapphire pressure sensor Principles and Applications
The use of strain resistance working principle, the use of silicon - sapphire as semiconductor sensitive components, with unparalleled metrological characteristics.

Sapphire by single-crystal insulator element, hysteresis, fatigue, and creep phenomenon does not occur; sapphire sturdy than silicon, and higher hardness, are not afraid of deformation; sapphire has a very good flexibility and insulation properties (1000 oC), therefore, the use of silicon - sapphire manufacturing a semiconductor sensitive element is not sensitive to changes in temperature, even under high temperature conditions, also has a good working characteristics; sapphire strong anti-radiation characteristics; Furthermore, the sensitive element of the silicon - sapphire semiconductor pn drift, Therefore, to radically simplify the manufacturing process, improve the repeatability ensure a high yield.

The sensitive component manufacturing silicon - sapphire semiconductor pressure sensor and transmitter, normal work in the most adverse operating conditions, and high reliability, good accuracy, the temperature error is very small, cost-effective.

By double diaphragm, the the table pressure sensor and transmitter components: titanium diaphragm measuring diaphragm and titanium reception. Printed with a sapphire sheet, the heteroepitaxial strain sensitive bridge circuit is welded to the titanium alloy on the measuring diaphragm. The measured pressure is transferred to the receiving diaphragm (receiving solid connection between the diaphragm and the measuring diaphragm rod). Under pressure, titanium receiver diaphragm is deformed, the deformation of the sensitive element of the silicon - sapphire perception, the bridge output will change, the magnitude of change is proportional to the measured pressure.

The sensor circuit is able to guarantee a strain bridge circuit power supply and strain bridge imbalance signal into a unified signal output (of 0-5,4-20 mA or 0-5V). In absolute pressure sensor and transmitter, sapphire sheet, ceramic base glass solder connection, play the role of the elastic element, the measured pressure is converted to a strain gauge deformation, so as to achieve the purpose of pressure measurement.

5. Piezoelectric pressure sensor Principles and Applications
The piezoelectric sensor in the main use of the piezoelectric material comprises quartz, sodium potassium tartrate, and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate. Wherein the quartz (silica) is a natural crystal, piezoelectric effect is found in this crystal piezoelectric properties, within a certain temperature range, has always existed, but after the temperature exceeds this range, the piezoelectric nature of the incomplete disappeared (the high temperature is called the Curie point). Varied slightly with the stress changes in the electric field (that is to say the piezoelectric coefficient is relatively low), quartz gradually other piezoelectric crystals instead. Sodium potassium tartrate having a large piezoelectric sensitivity and piezoelectric coefficients, but it can be applied only in a relatively low ambient temperature and humidity environment. Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate is a synthetic crystal, able to withstand the high temperatures and relatively high humidity, it has been a wide range of applications.

The piezoelectric effect is also applied in the polycrystalline body, such as a piezoelectric ceramic including barium titanate piezoelectric ceramic PZT-based piezoelectric ceramic Niobate, magnesium niobate-lead piezoelectric ceramic, etc..

The piezoelectric effect is the operating principle of the piezoelectric sensors, piezoelectric sensors can not be used for static measurements, because the charge after the external force has infinite input impedance only preserved only in the loop. The actual situation is not the case, so this decision piezoelectric sensor can only measure the dynamic stress.

The piezoelectric sensors used in the measurement of acceleration, pressure and force. The piezoelectric acceleration sensor is an accelerometer. It has a simple structure, small size, light weight, long life and other excellent features. Piezoelectric acceleration sensor vibration and shock measurements in aircraft, automobiles, ships, bridges, and buildings have been widely used, especially in the fields of aviation and aerospace more of its special status. The piezoelectric sensor can also be used to measure the internal engine combustion pressure measurement and the measurement of the degree of vacuum. Also be used for military industry, for example, use it to measure the change of the moment of firing guns and bullets in the chamber in chamber pressure and muzzle shock wave pressure. It can be used to measure the pressure, can also be used to measure a slight pressure.

Piezoelectric sensors are widely used in biomedical measurements, such as the the ventricular catheter decline sound is made by the piezoelectric sensor measuring dynamic pressure is so common, the piezoelectric sensor applications is very wide.

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The Difference in Performance of Touch Screen

Capacitive touch screen with high resolution, light transmission rate is also good, can satisfy the various demands in public places is the touch screen. However, the capacitive touch screen human body as a capacitor electrode use when the the conductor near large enough capacitance coupling between the laminated ITO face, the current flow away will cause capacitive touch screen malfunction; another gloved or handheld insulating object touching when no response, this is because the increase of the insulating medium.
      
Infrared touch screen is off to rely on the determination of the infrared touch position is determined, the a transparent bezel material is chosen with the touch screen contents (simply do not use any shutter). Therefore, the choice of good light transmission properties baffle, and to be anti-reflective treatment, you can get a good visual effect. But by the infrared emission tube size restrictions, it is not possible to transmit high-density infrared touch screen resolution is not high. In addition, because the infrared touch screen relies on infrared sensors to work, changes in ambient light, such as sunlight or indoor light, etc. will affect its accuracy.
Resistive touch screen work environment completely isolated from the outside world, it is not afraid of dust, water, gas and oil, can be used to touch any object, more suitable for use in the field of industrial control. The disadvantage is that the outer layer of the composite film plastic, too hard or use sharps touch may scratch the touch screen.
Surface acoustic wave technology is very stable, and surface acoustic wave touch screen controller by measuring the decay time on the timeline to calculate the touch location, so its accuracy is very high. The surface acoustic wave touch panel having a third axis (z-axis) is pressure axis - can be obtained by calculating the attenuation amount of the reception signal attenuation at the strength of the user touches the screen size can be divided into up to 2 5 6 efforts. The greater the force, and also the wider the reception signal on the waveform attenuation notch deeper, in all of the touch screen, only the surface acoustic wave touch screen having the perception of the performance of the touch pressure.
Applications
Based on the analysis of the structure, principle and performance characteristics of the touch screen, the type of touchscreen applicable Occasion follows:
Wire resistive touch screen: not afraid of dirt, oil and photoelectric interference afraid of scratching their main weakness. Applies to fixed users in public places, such as industrial control field, office, home and so on.
Five-wire resistive touch screen: excellent sensitivity and light transmission, long service life, not afraid of dust, grease and optical interference, applies to all public places, especially for applications that require precision industrial control field.
Capacitive sensing touch screen: capacitance with temperature, humidity, or ground conditions different changes, so the stability is poor, tend to produce drift. Afraid of electromagnetic interference, drift, not readily available in the industry control and interference. Can be used to require less sophisticated public information inquiries; need for frequent calibration, positioning.
Surface acoustic wave touch screen: plain glass, translucent best, long life, good scratch resistance, suitable for various public places unknown user. But the fear of a long period of accumulation of dirt and oil dip, so use the environment clean place better. Otherwise, the need for regular cleaning service.
Development trends
Touchpad: touchpad with a pressure-sensitive capacitive touch technology, the screen area. It consists of three parts: the bottom center sensor is used to monitor the touch panel is touched, and then processes the information, the intermediate layer provides the interaction with the graphics, text, etc., the outermost layer is the touch surface by high strength the plastic material. Fingers tap the outer surface within a thousandth of a second can this information to the sensor and the registration processing. In addition to PC-compatible, it also has high brightness, image clarity, ease of interaction, which is applied to the pointing information query system (such as electronic bulletin boards), has received very good results.
Touch-screen technology to facilitate the operation of the computer used is a very promising interactive input. Countries in the world this generally give attention to, and put a lot of manpower and material resources for research and development continue to emerge, the new touch screen.
Touch pen: using the touch pen to operate the touch screen similar to the whiteboard, in addition to the display interface, windows, icons, touch pen also has a signature, the function of the mark. Touch pen than earlier only light pen to select the menu function is greatly enhanced.
In short, the development of touch screen showing the trend of specialization, multimedia, three-dimensional and large-screen and so on. With the development of the information society, people need access to a variety of public information. Public information transmission system with touch screen manufacturer for interactive window through the use of advanced computer technology, the use of text, images, music, narration, animation, video and other forms, intuitive, to introduce a variety of information to the people, to people with to great convenience. It can be foreseen that with the rapid development of touch screen technology, touch screen applications will be more and more widely, the performance will be getting better and better.
Infrared sensor touch screen: a lower resolution, but is not current, voltage and electrostatic interference, suitable for harsh environmental conditions; suitable for infrared and light interference of various public places, offices and the requirements are not very sophisticated industrial control scene.

Lithium Industry Demand will be Steady Increase

2013 lithium industry demand growth is expected to be stable and acceleration, and industry boom will further stabilization and improvement.

Tianqi Lithium Industries (002466)) opening limit, driven by the performance of lithium stocks yesterday very active. As of the close, the lithium plate rose more than 2%. Tianqi Lithium Industries daily limit Shanshangufen (600884)) rose more than 8%, the rest more stocks rose more than 4%.
In fact, since December, lithium battery sector as a whole with the broader market to pick up some stocks short-term has now good gains. The sector as a whole upside by Tianqi Lithium Industries, a strong limit the impact, industry fundamentals recently conducive to good burst. Recently, the Ministry of Industry issued a notice, decided to organize the lithium battery industry survey to find out the status of China's lithium battery industry, to provide a basis for the development of lithium battery safety standards and production enterprise security access.

Cinda Securities new energy industry analyst Fan Haibo analysts believe that The lithium industry listed companies are generally the leading enterprises of the relevant sub-sectors, with the advantages of scale, technical. The specification of the future of the industry is expected to phase out backward production capacity of some small and medium enterprises, which is a company listed on the lithium investment opportunities. Lithium material recommendations concern Capchem 300037), Shanshangufen, Jiangsu Guotai (002,091)); lithium batteries, the recommendations concern BYD (002594)), Desai battery (000049)).

As the national policy of new energy vehicles to support efforts to increase its long-term development path is clear. In the development of electric vehicles, battery benefit. The long-term development of lithium batteries is a general trend. CRE Securities expects the new energy vehicles in 2012 will exceed 10 million units, which can be driven by the battery manufacturer 60 billion market, the next three annual compound growth of more than 50%.

2013 industry demand growth is expected to steady acceleration, the industry boom will further stabilization and improvement. HE Wei-Jiang Zhongyuan Securities analyst, said the 2013 traditional energy storage is the intelligent terminal growth in demand for lithium batteries power the scale energy storage has great potential in the field of new energy and smart grid; domestic and foreign new energy cars leading sales growth will significantly improve the mode determination and policy support to boost the development of new energy vehicles. Main investment concern valuation dropped significantly, the profitability of stabilization segments, as well as event-driven investment opportunities. Proposes a focus Capchem, Jiangsu Guotai and Shanshangufen.

Desai battery as the main supplier of the Apple mobile phone battery, Apple revenue accounted for about 70% of revenue. Haitong Securities (600837)) analyst Joseph Chang of the view that there is room for improvement, with the rising proportion of non-mobile phone business, the company's gross profit margin. IPhone as its customer base, the company's growth next year to determine. In addition, the company's new customers are constantly open up, including international giants Samsung, as well as leading millet customers. The forecast for 2012 and 2013 earnings per share were 1.1 yuan and 1.59 yuan. Give the company "overweight" rating and a target price of 38.50 yuan, corresponding to 2012 35 times earnings.

Shanshangufen UBS Securities analyst Valley, Qi Bin, the company in the first three quarters of the lithium income year-on-year increase of 41%, mainly because of its negative electrode, the cathode material revenue growth far exceeding the industry average. Capacity release will drive the performance of lithium material to enter the fast growth track, first of all, anode material is the focus of the company's lithium business profits, Ningbo 1000 tons mesocarbon the microspheres was put into operation in November, the large-scale projects of the port in 2013 entered a substantive construction period ; Second, the cathode material, Hunan Heiner cobalt tetroxide commissioning of the project can save costs and significantly improve product quality. 2014 the company forecast 2012 earnings per share were 0.51 yuan, 0.73 yuan, 0.95 yuan. Recent holdings of the controlling shareholder demonstrates the long-term confidence in the development of listed companies. A target price of 21.2 yuan.

The new Capchem occupy the absolute leader in the country capacitance field of chemicals, lithium battery manufacturer electrolyte business has entered the country in the forefront. Northeast Securities (000,686)) analyst Pan Xifeng said the company's current production capacity of approximately 4,000 tons the Nantong project is put into production capacity next year, an increase of 5000 tons. The estimated 2012 - 2014, earnings per share were 0.78 yuan, 0.98 yuan and 1.24 yuan. Has a certain value of the investment from the company's fundamentals and valuation point of view, the A-share market as a whole visual trends and the size of the non holdings choose the layout.

VELUX and Energy Micro Together to Create New Touch-screen Remote Control

Energy Micro announced VELUS (Velux) latest Power Windows Remote selection of the EFM32 Giant Gecko microcontroller. This handheld VELUX "Integra" programmable remote control with a simple touch screen interface is used to control the operation of windows, ventilation baffles, blinds and other related accessories. The EFM32 MCU of this 1024 KB flash 32 including an autonomous low-power direct drive TFT controller for remote control large color display. The display is similar to the interface of the smart phone, the screen has icon, and "touch" and "slider". The EFM32 the LESENSE of functional modules in the microcontroller is in deep sleep mode independent monitoring external sensors - deep sleep mode consumes less than 1 μA, In VELUX Integra remote control, this function is used when the screen is touched when you wake up the device. The EFM32 microcontrollers as well as the io-homecontrol two-way wireless transmission protocol.

VELUX R & D department manager Bjarne Ravndal Andreasen said: "People have been very similar smart phone has icons and touch screen interface familiar, with EFM32 microcontrollers, our the Integra remote control, not only easy to operate, attractive appearance, but also has a very Great flexibility and long life. "

Energy Micro CEO Geir Forre, said: "To make the application in achieving high performance for very low power supply consumption, you must have the MCU internal peripherals can operate autonomously, which is why the need to achieve this remote control like the VELUX Integra complex functions at the same time with ultra-low power applications to meet end-customer requirements, the EFM32 is the ideal microcontroller.

32 Giant Gecko series is the world's lowest power microcontroller products, with up to 1024KB flash, support for USB OTG, TFT RGB driver EBI (External Bus Interface) and speeds of up to 48 MHz. Giant Gecko series of all products containing the Gecko family owned low-power peripherals, such as AES encryption, pulse counter, low-power UART, LESENSE low-power sensor interface, and on-chip op amp and so on. QFN64, QFP100, BGA112 BGA120 a variety of package options.

Lithium iron Phosphate Battery Works Principle and Detailed Operational Processes

Lithium iron phosphate battery is actually lithium iron phosphate cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, for lithium-ion batteries, the cathode material well on a variety such as lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese, nickel, lithium, three meta-materials, lithium iron phosphate, etc., wherein the lithium iron phosphate is the the lithium industry today the most commonly used material.

Lithium iron phosphate by aluminum foil with battery cathode connected to the left is the polymer membrane separates the positive and negative, but the lithium ion Li by electronic e-not by the right is composed of carbon battery negative copper foil connected with the negative electrode of the battery, between the upper and lower ends of the battery, the battery electrolyte, the battery sealed package from the metal shell, the LiFePO4 battery during charging, the positive electrode of the lithium ion Li through the polymer membrane to the cathode migration; in the discharge process, a negative the lithium ion Li cathode migrate through the membrane to the lithium-ion battery is named migrate back and forth in the charge and discharge due to lithium ions.

Working principle of lithium-ion battery, the battery is charging, Li from the lithium iron phosphate crystals 010 surface to migrate to the crystal surface, the effect of electric force, into the electrolyte, through the diaphragm, and then migrate through the electrolyte to the surface of the graphite crystal, then embedded in the graphite lattice, the lithium ions from the deintercalation of lithium iron phosphate, lithium iron phosphate converted into iron phosphate; battery discharge, Li deintercalation from the graphite crystal, into the electrolyte, through the membrane, and then through the electrolyte migrate to the surface of the lithium iron phosphate crystals, and then again by the 010 plane embedded within the lattice of the lithium iron phosphate, lithium iron phosphate, and then flows through the conductive body and discharge starts.

Adding conductive agent for the lithium iron phosphate positive and negative conductive in the positive and negative terminals of the battery supplier must be formed in the active material of the battery, in the actual design process, and the actual production process, how to achieve the above-mentioned three one equation, also need to design a series of experiments to validate mathematical models or empirical formula, then these models or formulas for the design of the lithium-ion battery.

At present, the domestic lithium-ion battery technology is mature, with the world's leading level, the current industry still pay attention to the material of lithium iron phosphate cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, many countries have developed a new lithium-ion battery materials, but the current and there is no large-scale production, experts point out that, at least in the 10 lithium iron phosphate cathode material is the mainstream of the development industry.

Lithium iron Phosphate Battery: Green Battery

Lithium iron phosphate lithium iron phosphate as the cathode material for lithium-ion batteries . The battery does not contain any heavy metals and rare metals (nickel-metal hydride batteries to be rare metals), non-toxic (SGS certified), non-polluting and comply with the European RoHS requirements for the absolute green battery card. Lead acid battery, but there is a lot of lead waste if not handled properly, will continue into secondary pollution on the environment enough lithium iron phosphate material in terms of production and use, are pollution-free, so the battery column into "15", "863" national high-tech development plan, a key state support and encourage the development of the project. With China's accession to the WTO, China's export of electric bicycles will increase rapidly, and entered the European electric bike battery with the requirements of non-polluting.

Lithium iron phosphate also has its drawbacks: for example, the tap density, lithium iron phosphate cathode material, and other capacity lithium iron phosphate volume is greater than the lithium cobalt oxide and lithium-ion batteries, and therefore does not have the advantage in the area of ​​micro-battery.

The VRLA batteries bottleneck fade
The lithium-ion battery performance depends primarily on the anode and cathode materials, lithium iron phosphate lithium battery material is only in recent years appear to do, the domestic develop a large-capacity lithium iron phosphate is July 2005. Safety performance and cycle life can not be compared to other materials, these are also precisely the power battery is the most important technical indicators. 1C charge-discharge cycle life up to 2000 times. Single battery charging voltage 30V does not burn, not explode puncture. Lithium iron phosphate cathode material to make high-capacity lithium-ion battery is more likely to be used in tandem. VRLA battery with its small, stable voltage, pollution-free, light weight, high discharge performance, and a small amount of maintenance, and to become the preferred communication power system battery. However, in actual use, up to less than the theoretical life expectancy abound. Battery theoretically work from 7 to 10 years, mostly in the 2 to 3 years, damaged, and some even years of life can not be achieved, resulting in great economic losses.

Lagging behind due to the development of China's power, national power shortage is more serious in many parts of the lack of electricity, the power shortage situation, power cuts have also occurred, mobile base stations throughout the urban and rural areas, lack of mains supply Objectively speaking, the use of the base station VRLA battery maintenance is an extreme test, if maintenance treatment in a timely manner will directly affect the performance and service life of VRLA battery manufacturer.

Hoi Pa four advantages of lithium iron phosphate
Hoi Pa Hoi Pa Group's production of lithium iron phosphate lithium iron phosphate as the cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, compared with the lead-acid battery, lithium iron phosphate has a light weight, high and low temperature resistance, long life, safety, environmental protection, no pollution.

Ambient temperature
Ambient temperature is too high a great influence on the service life of VRLA battery plate corrosion at elevated temperatures, the battery will exacerbate, will consume more water, so that the battery life is shortened. Longer life battery is available in a 25 ° C environment temperature rises 10 ° C, long-running, service life is reduced by approximately half. In addition, the ambient temperature of 25 ° C to 0 ℃ when every 1 degree lower discharge capacity of about 1% loss, so the battery should be at 15 ℃ ~ 20 ℃ environment.

The Haiba use of lithium iron phosphate ambient temperature -20 ℃ to 70 ° C colder winter season, the base station indoor temperature can be as low as -15 ° C up to 50 ° C, the hot season base station indoor, in this temperature range, the sea Pa lithium iron phosphate batteries have a very good performance. The ambient temperature of lithium iron phosphate, Hoi Pa is much smaller than lead-acid batteries.

Overcharge and over discharge
Lead-acid battery over-charging state, the positive electrode due to the oxygen evolution reaction, water is consumed, H + increased, resulting positive increasing acidity near the thinner grid to accelerate the corrosion of the battery, so that the battery capacity; exacerbated due to water loss at the same time, the the battery risk of dry, thereby affecting battery life.

Lead-acid battery over discharge occurred mainly after the AC power source fails, the battery to power the load for a long time. Lead sulfate is an insulator, its formation is bound to have a significant negative impact on the battery charge and discharge performance, the formation of sulfate on the cathode is more, the greater the internal resistance of the battery, the battery charge, the discharge the worse the performance, the shorter the life of the battery.

Hoi Pa lithium iron phosphate group is equipped with battery management systems, battery management system can monitor each single cell within the battery pack voltage and total voltage of the battery pack, the charging and discharging process, the total voltage reaches the set value or cell voltage reaches the set value, the management system can terminate the charge and discharge, the battery pack will not overcharge and over discharge.

Long-term floating charge

Float current DC switching power supply system provided three roles: VRLA battery for daily load current to supplement battery self-discharge losses, to maintain oxygen cycle batteries. If the battery is in the state of long-term floating charge, the only charge without discharge, will inevitably lead to the the battery anode plate passivation, the battery internal resistance increases, the capacity dropped significantly, resulting in battery life decreased. In addition, the choice of the lead-acid battery float voltage should be adjusted with the state of the battery float voltage may result in inappropriate overcharge, affecting the life of the battery, or the battery charge is insufficient long-term state.

Hipower lithium iron phosphate, low self-discharge rate, to shelved 30 day capacity retention rate at 98%, so the battery pack in a floating state for a long time, the the float current switching power supply almost all for the day-to-day load current with The self-discharge current of loss supplement battery pack is very small. In addition, the choice of lithium iron phosphate battery float voltage insensitive itself resistant to float, more suitable for the base station back-up power.

The use of cost
Communication base station battery pack costs and the need to consider the cost of the battery, the battery life, the process of using maintenance costs.

Lower prices of lead-acid batteries, battery of 7 to 10 years but because of the relatively short life, the theoretically work, most of the damage in 2 to 3 years, and some of them even reach 1 year of life, In addition, in the course of in manual testing and maintenance, and the use of very high cost.

Hoi Pa lithium iron phosphate has a maintenance-free, ultra-long service life, etc. performance, fully intelligent battery management system to replace manual testing links, battery management system automatically detects and protective properties, so that the failure rate of the battery pack to be reduced to the limit long design life, and greatly reduce the cost of the use of the communications industry.